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GRADE 304 / 304L STAINLESS STEEL SPECIFICATION

Grade 304 / 304L stainless steel has a minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. The only difference between them is the carbon content. Type 304 has a maximum carbon of 0.07% .Type 304L has maximum carbon of 0.030 %. This range of carbon in the steels affects the corrosion resistance. 304 / 304L is available in sheet, sheet coil, plate, round bar, processed flat bar and tubular products for further manufacturing.

Applications

Grade 304 / 304L Stainless Steel is used in a wide variety of commercial and industrial applications, including:

~~ Construction material in building bridges, dams, roads, airports, canals, and buildings
~~ Nuts, bolts, screws, and other fasteners in the marine environment
~~ Food processing equipment, particularly in beer brewing, milk processing, and winemaking
~~ Architectural trim and molding
~~ Automotive and aerospace structural use
~~Chemical containers, including for transport
~~Heat exchangers
~~Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration

304 Related Specs and Trade names

~~EURONORM: 1.4301
~~ASTM/ASME: UNS S30400
~~BS 304S31
~~AFNOR Z2 CN 18-10
~~EN, DIN,UNI X5CrNi 18-10
~~Grade 304
~~Alloy 304
~~Type 304

304L Related Specs and Trade names

~~EURONORM: 1.4307
~~ASTM/ASME: UNS S30403
~~BS 304S11
~~AFNOR Z2 CN 18-9
~~EN, DIN,UNI X5CrNi 18-9
~~Grade 304L
~~Alloy 304L
~~Type 304L

Heat Resistance

~~Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 1600°F and in continuous service to 1690°F.
~~Continuous use of 304 in the 800-1580°F range is not recommended if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important.
~~Grade 304L is more resistant to carbide precipitation and can be heated into the above temperature range.

Welding Characteristics

Excellent welding properties; post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the austenitic stainless steels are:
~~avoidance of cracking
~~preservation of corrosion resistance

Machinability


The use of chip breakers is advised since the chips can be stringy. Stainless steel work hardens rapidly, heavy positive feeds, sharp tooling, and a rigid set-up should be used.

Chemical Properties

C Mn Si P S Cr Ni
304 0.07max 2.0max 1.00max 0.045max 0.03max min:17.5 max:19.5 min:8.0 max:10.5
304L 0.03max 2.0max 1.00max 0.045max 0.03max min:17.5 max:19.5 min:8.0 max:10.5

Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength ksi (min) Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) Elongation % Hardness (Brinell) MAX Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX
304 / 304L 75 30 40 201 92

Physical Properties

Density lbm/in3 Thermal Conductivity (BTU/h ft. °F) Electrical Resistivity (in x 10-6) Modulus of Elasticity (psi x 10-6) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (in/in)/ °F x 10-6 Specific Heat (BTU/lb/°F) Melting Range (°F))
at 68°F: 0.285 9.4 at 212°F 28.3 at 68°F 28 9.4 at 32 – 212° 0.1200 at 68°F to 212°F 2500 to 2590
12.4 at 932 °F 39.4 at 752°F 10.2 at 32 – 1000°F
49.6 at 1652 °F 10.4 at 32 – 1500°F

GRADE 316/316L STAINLESS STEEL SPECIFICATION SHEET

Grade 316/316L is molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel. The higher nickel and molybdenum content in this grade allows it to demonstrate better overall corrosion resistant properties than 304, especially with regard to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. In addition, Alloy 316/ 316L provides excellent elevated temperature tensile, creep and stress-rupture strengths, as well as outstanding formability and weldability. 316L is the lower carbon version of 316 and is immune from sensitization; therefore, it is very frequently used in heavy gauge welded components.

Applications

~~ Marine and Coastal Environments
~~ Chemical processing, equipment
~~ Laboratory benches and equipment
~~ Rubber, plastics, pulp & paper machinery
~~ Boat fittings, value and pump trim
~~ Heat exchangers
~~ Condensers, evaporators and tanks

316 Related Specs and Trade names

~~EURONORM: 1.4401
~~ASTM/ASME: UNS S316S11
~~BS 316S31
~~Grade 316
~~Alloy 316
~~Type 316

316L Related Specs and Trade names

~~EURONORM: 1.4404
~~ASTM/ASME: UNS S31603
~~BS 316S11
~~Grade 316L
~~Alloy 316L
~~Type 316L

Corrosion Resistance

~~Generally more resistant than 304 in range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media due to the increased chromium and molybdenum content.
~~Subject to pitting and crevice corrosion in warm chloride environments, and to stress corrosion cracking above about 122°F (50°C).
~~Considered resistant to potable water with up to about 1000mg/L chlorides at ambient temperatures, reducing to about 500mg/L at 140°F (60°C).
Usually regarded as the “marine grade stainless steel” – but is not resistant to warm sea water.

Heat Resistance


Good oxidation resistance in intermittent service to 1600°F (870°C) and in continuous service to 1700°F (925°C)
Grade 316L is more resistant to carbide precipitation.

Welding Characteristics

Excellent welding properties; post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the austenitic stainless steels are:
~~avoidance of cracking
~~preservation of corrosion resistance

Heat Treatment

~~Annealing temperature range is 1900 to 2100°F (1038 to 1149°C).
~~Cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
~~Special consideration is needed to compensate for a higher coefficient of thermal expansion to avoid warping and distortion.

Processing - Hot Forming

~~Most producers recommend a maximum forging temperature between 2100°F and 2300°Excellent welding properties; post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the austenitic stainless steels are:
~~Do not forge below 1700°F (927°C) Best
~~Corrosion resistance is obtained if the forgings are given a final anneal.

Processing - Cold Forming

~~316/316L types being extremely tough and ductile, can be readily cold worked such as roll form, swaging, cold heading, deep drawing, bent, etc., without difficulty
~~Severely cold formed parts should be annealed to remove stresses.

Machineability

~~Grade 316/316L is somewhat more difficult to machine than Grade 304 because of its toughness.
~~316/316L machines with chip characteristics that are tough and strong.
~~Chip breakers and curlers are advised.
~~As large a tool as possible and great amounts of cutting fluid should be used.
~~Heavy positive feeds at low speeds should be considered since 316/316L work hardens rapidly.

Chemical Properties

C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N
316 (S31600) 0.08 max 2.0max 0.75 max 0.045max 0.03max min:16 max:18 min:2.0 max:3.0 min:10.0 max:14.0 0.10 max
316L (S31603) 0.03 max 2.0max 0.75 max 0.045max 0.03max min:16 max:18 min:2.0 max:3.0 min:10.0 max:14.0 0.10 max

Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength ksi (min) Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) Elongation % Hardness (Brinell) MAX Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX
316 (S31600) 75 30 40 217 95
316L (S31603) 70 25 40 217 95

Physical Properties

Density lbm/in3 Thermal Conductivity (BTU/h ft. °F) Electrical Resistivity (in x 10-6) Modulus of Elasticity (psi x 10-6) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (in/in)/ °F x 10-6 Specific Heat (BTU/lb/°F) Melting Range (°F)
0.29 at 68°F 100.8 at 68 212°F 29.1 at 68°F 29 8.9 at 32 – 212° 0.108 at 68°F 2500 to 2550
9.7 at 32 – 1000° 0.116 at 200°F
11.1 at 32 – 1500°

GRADE GRADE 310 (1.4845) STAINLESS STEEL SPECIFICATION SHEET

Grade 310 (1.4845) Stainless Steel is an austenitic stainless steel that combines excellent high temperature properties with good ductility and weldability. It is typically used for elevated temperature applications as its high chromium and nickel content provide solid corrosion resistance, excellent resistance to oxidation, and superior strength in temperatures up to 2100°F. Due to its high chromium and nickel content, it is superior to 304 or 309 stainless in most environments.

Applications

The higher alloyed stainless steels generally have excellent strength at elevated temperatures along with outstanding resistance to creep deformation and environmental attack. Therefore, Alloy 310 is used widely in industries such as heat treatment and chemical processing. Some examples include:
~~ Furnace Parts
~~ Oil Burner Parts
~~ Heat Exchangers
~~ Welding Filler Wire and Electrodes
~~ Annealing Covers
~~ Combustion Tubes
~~ Fire Box Sheets

Corrosion Resistance

~~Provides excellent corrosion resistance
~~ High chromium content allows for good aqueous corrosion resistance
~~ Excellent resistance at normal temperatures and also has good resistance to oxidizing and carburizing atmospheres

Heat Resistance

~~Good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service in air at temperatures up to 1040°C and 1150°C in continuous service.
~~Good resistance to thermal fatigue and cyclic heating.
~~Widely used where sulphur dioxide gas is encountered at elevated temperatures.
~~Continuous use in 425-860°C range not recommended due to carbide precipitation, if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is needed
~~Generally used at temperatures starting from about 800 or 900°C – above the temperatures at which 304H and 321 are effective.

Fabrication

~~Commonly used in the heat treatment and process industries due to high temperature and corrosive environments
~~Often fabricated into complex structures
~~Roller-forms, stamps and draws readily
~~Because 310 work hardens, severe forming operations should be followed by an anneal

Weldability

~~Austenitic stainless steel is generally considered to be weldable
~~Generally considered to have weldability equivalent to 304 and 304L
~~Special consideration is needed to compensate for a higher coefficient of thermal expansion to avoid warping and distortion
~~Excellent welding properties; post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections. Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the austenitic stainless steels are:
~~avoidance of cracking
~~preservation of corrosion resistance

Chemical Properties

Cr Ni C Si Mn P S Mo Cu Fe
310 min: 24.0 max: 26.0 min: 19.0 max: 22.0 0.25 0.75 2.0 0.045 0.030 0.75 0.5 balance
310S min: 24.0 max: 26.0 min: 19.0 max: 22.0 0.08 1.00 2.0 0.045 0.030 0.75 0.5 balance

Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength ksi (min) Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) Elongation % in 50 mm (min.) Hardness (Brinell) MAX Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX
310/310S 75 30 40 217 95

Physical Properties

Density lbm/in3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (min/in)-°F Electrical Resistivity mW-in Thermal Conductivity BTU/hr-ft-°F Specific Heat BTU/ibm -°F Magnetic Permability (annealed)1 Modules of Elasticity (annealed)2-psi
at 68 °F at 68 – 212°F at 68 – 932°F at 68 – 1832°F at 68°F at 1200°F at 68 – 1832°F at 68 – 932°F at 32 – 212° at 200H in tension (E) in shear (G)
0.29 8.8 9.5 10.5 30.7 - 10.5 10.8 0.12 1.02 29 x 10-6 11.2 x 10-6

GRADE 321 & GRADE 321H SPECIFICATION SHEET

Grade 321 is a titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel with good general corrosion resistance. It has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion after exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800 – 1500°F (427 – 816°C). The grade resists oxidation to 1500°F (816°C) and has higher creep and stress rupture properties than grade 304 and 304L. It also possesses good low temperature toughness.

Grade 321H is the higher carbon (0.04 – 0.10) version of the alloy. It was developed for enhanced creep resistance and for higher strength at temperatures above 1000oF (537°C). In most instances, the carbon content of the plate enables dual certification.

Alloy 321 cannot be hardened by heat treatment, only by cold working. It can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Applications

~~Aerospace – piston engine manifolds
~~Chemical Processing
~~Expansion Joints
~~Food Processing – equipment and storage
~~Petroleum Refining – polythionic acid service
~~Waste Treatment – thermal oxidizers

Standard

~~ASTM/ASME: UNS S32100 / S32109
~~EURONORM: 321 / 1.4541
~~EURONORM: 321H / 1.4878

Corrosion Resistance

~~exhibits good general corrosion resistance that is comparable to 304.
~~developed for use in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 1800 – 1500°F (427 – 816°C) .
~~can be used in most diluted organic acids at moderate temperatures .
~~can be used in pure phosphoric acid at lower temperatures.
~~can be used in up to 10% diluted solutions at elevated temperatures.
~~resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking in hydrocarbon service.
~~utilized in chloride or fluoride free caustic solutions at moderate temperatures.
~~does not perform well in chloride solutions, even in small concentrations, or in sulfuric acid service.

Processing

~~Grade 321/H can be easily welded and processed by standard shop fabrication practices.

Hot Forming


~~Working temperatures of 2100 – 2300°F (1149 – 1260°C) are recommended for forging, upsetting and other hot working processes.
~~Alloy not suitable for work at temperatures below 1700°F (927°C).
~~Material must be water quenched or fully annealed after working to re-attain maximum corrosion resistance.

Cold Forming


~~Quite ductile and forms easily.

Welding

~~Readily welded by most standard processes.
~~Post weld heat treatment is not necessary

Machining


~~Hardening rate of 321 makes it less machinable than 410 stainless steel, but similar to 304

Chemical Properties

Cr Ni C Si Mn P S Mo Cu Fe
321 min:17.0 max:19.0 min: 9.0 max:12.0 max: 0.08 max: 0.75 max: 2.0 max: 0.045 max: 0.03 max: 0.10 min:5*(C+N) max:0.70 balance
321H min:17.0 max:19.0 min: 9.0 max:12.0 min:0.04 max:0.10 min:18.0 max:20.0 max:2.0 max:0.045 max:0.03 max:0.10 min:5*(C+N) max:0.70 balance

Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength ksi (min) Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) Elongation % in 50 mm (min.) Hardness (Brinell) MAX
321 75 30 40 217

Physical Properties

Density lbm/in3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (min/in)-°F Thermal Conductivity BTU/hr-ft-°F Specific Heat BTU/ibm -°F Modules of Elasticity (annealed)2-psi
at 68 °F at 68 – 212°F at 68 – 1832°F at 200°F at 32 – 212° in tension (E)
0.286 9.2 20.5 9.3 0.12 28 x 10-6

DUPLEX 2205/F51 STAINLESS STEEL SPECIFICATION SHEET

Duplex 2507 (UNS S32750) is a super duplex stainless steel with 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum, and 7% nickel designed for demanding applications which require exceptional strength and corrosion resistance, such as chemical process, petrochemical, and seawater equipment. The steel has excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, high thermal conductivity, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. The high chromium, molybdenum, and nickel levels provide excellent resistance to pitting, crevice, and general corrosion.

Applications

~~Chemical processing, transport and storage – pressure vessels, tanks, piping, and heat exchangers
~~Oil and gas exploration and processing equipment – piping, tubing, and heat exchangers
~~Marine and other high chloride environments
~~Effluent scrubbing systems
~~Pulp and paper industry – digesters, bleaching equipment, and stock-handling systems
~~Cargo tanks for ships and trucks
~~Food processing equipment
~~Biofuels plants

STANDARDS

~~ASTM/ASME: A240 UNS S32205/S31803
~~EURONORM: 1.4462 X2CrNiMoN 22.5.3
~~AFNOR: Z3 CrNi 22.05 AZ
~~DIN: W.Nr 1.4462

CORROSION RESISTANCE

~~Due to its high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen content, Duplex 2205 demonstrates superior corrosion resistant properties to 316 and 316L in most environments
~~Chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen content also provide high resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, even in oxidizing and acidic solutions
~~Resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking and temperatures of up to about 302°F (150°C)
~~The presence of ferrite provides for good performance of Duplex 2205 in caustic environments

HEAT RESISTANCE

~~Similar to other duplex stainless steels, Duplex 2205 has good oxidation resistance at high temperatures
~~Subject to embrittlement when exposed to temperatures above 572°F (300°C) even when exposed for short periods of time; Duplex 2205 is therefore not recommended for use above 572°F (300°C)

PROCESSING – HOT FORMING

Most Duplex 2205 producers recommend a maximum hot forming temperature between 2010 and 2100°F (1100 to 1150°C). If the shape of the work piece is not compact, the edges may be significantly cooler than the bulk, and there is risk of cracking in the cooler regions.

PROCESSING – COLD FORMING

Duplex 2205 has shown good formability in a variety of fabrications. The high strength of Duplex 2205 can pose problems. Even when the equipment has sufficient power, allowance must be made for higher spring-back caused by the grade’s high strength.

MACHINABILITY

Duplex 2205 is somewhat more difficult to machine than the 300 series austenitic stainless steels. Higher cutting forces are required and more rapid tool wear is typical. Some guidelines for machining are: A) Use powerful, rigid machines with extremely strong rigid mounting of tools and work piece, B) Minimize vibration by keeping the tool extension as short as possible, C) Use a nose radius on the tool, no longer than necessary, for carbides that have a sharp edge while still providing adequate strength, D) Design machining sequences to always provide for a depth of cut below the work hardened layer resulting from the previous passes.

Chemical Properties

C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N
2205 (S31803) 0.03 max 2.0 max 1.0 max 0.03 max 0.02 max min: 21.0 max: 23.0 min: 2.5 max:3.5 min 4.5 max:6.5 min: 0.08 max: 0.20
2205 (S32205) 0.03 max 2.0 max 1.0 max 0.03 max 0.02 max min: 22.0 max: 3.5 min: 3.0 max:3.5 min 4.5 max:6.5 min: 0.14 max: 0.20

Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength ksi (min) Yield Strength 0.2% ksi (min) Elongation % Hardnes (HB) MAX
2205 90 65 25 217

Physical Properties

Density lbm/in3 Electrical Resistivity mW•in Thermal Conductivity (BTU/hr•ft•°F) Heat Capacity BTU/lbm•°F Electrical Resistivity (in x 10-6)
at 68°F 0.278 27.6 8.7 0.112 33.5
at 212°F 26.1 9.2 0.119 35.4
at 392°F 25.4 9.8 0.127 37.4
at 572F 24.9 10.4 0.134 39.4

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